[45] Since individuals' g factor scores are highly correlated with full-scale IQ scores, which are in turn regarded as good estimates of g,[13][14] this measurement of collective intelligence can also be seen as an intelligence indicator or quotient respectively for a group (Group-IQ) parallel to an individual's intelligence quotient (IQ) even though the score is not a quotient per se. 60 citations. [100], Other scholars explain team performance by aggregating team members' general intelligence to the team level[101][102] instead of building an own overall collective intelligence measure. The U.S. intelligence community (IC) is a complex human enterprise whose success depends on how well the people in it perform their work. [111] While IQS seems to be computationally hard, modeling of social structure in terms of a computational process as described above gives a chance for approximation. These computer networks give participating users the opportunity to store and to retrieve knowledge through the collective access to these databases and allow them to "harness the hive"[131] Researchers at the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence research and explore collective intelligence of groups of people and computers. [64], For most of human history, collective intelligence was confined to small tribal groups in which opinions were aggregated through real-time parallel interactions among members. The authors report that this is the largest study to date of collective intelligence for clinical diagnosis in terms of the numbers of physicians and vignettes included. [52] RME is a ToM test for adults[52] that shows sufficient test-retest reliability[58] and constantly differentiates control groups from individuals with functional autism or Asperger Syndrome. Les maîtres mots : co-création, co-production, co-équipiers ! 0 Reviews. The internet is widespread, therefore a globally integrated company has no geographical boundaries and may access new markets, ideas and technology.[42]. Over 10% of all 2017 university graduates in Japan used GROW, an artificial intelligence platform and mobile app developed by Tokyo-based people analytics startup IGS, to recruit for a job. Limiting all intellectual property shuts out opportunities, while sharing some expands markets and brings out products faster. [50][51] Analogously, collective intelligence research aims to explore reasons why certain groups perform more intelligently than other groups given that c is just moderately correlated with the intelligence of individual group members. Artificial intelligence and collective intelligence: the emergence of a new field. A socio-technical system is a hybrid system where " the . Collective intelligence is positively correlated with the proportion of females in the group, as women score higher on social sensitivity. The study of collective intentionality is the study of intentionality in the social context. When considering performance on an individual level, researchers have found that “general intelligence” is associated with success as measured in a variety of ways. [75][76], Woolley, Chabris, Pentland, Hashmi, & Malone (2010),[12] the originators of this scientific understanding of collective intelligence, found a single statistical factor for collective intelligence in their research across 192 groups with people randomly recruited from the public. Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 190Springer, Heidelberg (2011), http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2023144.2023150 Elseberg, J., Borrmann, D., Nüchter, A.: Efficient processing of large 3D point clouds. In: Proceedings of the XXIII International Symposium on Information, ... The notion has more recently been examined by the philosopher Pierre Lévy. Though group dynamics have been studied for years, no one has ever applied the individual method of assessing general intelligence to measure “collective intelligence” in groups. [69][70] Based on natural process of Swarm Intelligence, these artificial swarms of networked humans enable participants to work together in parallel to answer questions and make predictions as an emergent collective intelligence. CI can predict performance in a range of out-of-sample criterion tasks. Writers who have influenced the idea of collective intelligence include Francis Galton, Douglas Hofstadter (1979), Peter Russell (1983), Tom Atlee (1993), Pierre Lévy (1994), Howard Bloom (1995), Francis Heylighen (1995), Douglas Engelbart, Louis Rosenberg, Cliff Joslyn, Ron Dembo, Gottfried Mayer-Kress (2003), Geoff Mulgan, The concept (although not so named) originated in 1785 with the Marquis de Condorcet, whose "jury theorem" states that if each member of a voting group is more likely than not to make a correct decision, the probability that the highest vote of the group is the correct decision increases with the number of members of the group (see Condorcet's jury theorem). Le partage des expériences, des compétences de chacun et chacune favorise la croissance de l'intelligence collective. [111] They are quasi-randomly displacing due to their interaction with their environments with their intended displacements. [37], Robert David Steele Vivas in The New Craft of Intelligence portrayed all citizens as "intelligence minutemen," drawing only on legal and ethical sources of information, able to create a "public intelligence" that keeps public officials and corporate managers honest, turning the concept of "national intelligence" (previously concerned about spies and secrecy) on its head. [32] Leaf cutters care for fungi and carry leaves to feed the fungi. Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 111... d'intelligence collective comme l'évaluation par les pairs, la lecture et la citation des collègues, la reproductibilité des observations et le partage des données. Tous ces principes ne protègent ni de la médiocrité répétitive, ... [44] Hence, providing multiple team members the chance to speak up made a group more intelligent. Sorted by: . [117] The opinion of all investor can be weighed equally so that a pivotal premise of the effective application of collective intelligence can be applied: the masses, including a broad spectrum of stock market expertise, can be utilized to more accurately predict the behavior of financial markets. Tasks were chosen from all four quadrants of the circumplex and included visual puzzles, brainstorming, making collective moral judgments, and negotiating over limited resources. [170] Therefore, collective intelligence and crowd sourcing is not necessaryly leading to the best solution to economic problems, but to a stable, good solution. How Researchers in Differential Psychology and Chronic Disease Epidemiology Are Collaborating to Understand and Address Health Inequalities", 20.500.11820/134d66d9-98db-447a-a8b2-5b019b96a7bb, "Does working memory training generalize? In his book, James Surowiecki mentioned that most scientists think that benefits of co-operation have much more value when compared to potential costs. Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 177Par son travail incessant , son intelligence collective et sa bonne administration , cette secte a déjà transformé un immense désert sauvage en région fertile et hospitalière . ... Cette courte citation renferme DEUX MENSONGES . Pierre Lévy defines collective intelligence as, "It is a form of universally distributed intelligence, constantly enhanced, coordinated in real time, and resulting in the effective mobilization of skills. The test aims to measure peoples' theory of mind (ToM), also called 'mentalizing'[53][54][55][56] or 'mind reading',[57] which refers to the ability to attribute mental states, such as beliefs, desires or intents, to other people and in how far people understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions or perspectives different from their own ones. This literature review focuses on collective intelligence in humans. It builds on GCRI's prior work on the governance of AI, particularly the papers On the promotion of safe and socially beneficial artificial intelligence and Lessons for artificial intelligence from other global risks. On the basis of such evidence index funds became popular investment vehicles using the collective intelligence of the market, rather than the judgement of professional fund managers, as an investment strategy. For example, ideas on solving a data science problem (as in Kaggle) or getting a good design for a T-shirt (as in Threadless) or in getting answers to simple problems that only humans can do well (as in Amazon's Mechanical Turk). Thus, through interaction with new media, knowledge easily passes between sources (Flew 2008) harv error: no target: CITEREFFlew2008 (help) resulting in a form of collective intelligence. Specialized information sites such as Digital Photography Review[157] or Camera Labs[158] is an example of collective intelligence. Of special interest in this paper is the emerging type of team This project, undertaken in the contexte of the Active Inference Lab, seeks to study the dynamics of collective intelligence from an active inference perspective. The vision of artificial intelligence (AI) is often manifested through an autonomous software module (agent) in a complex and uncertain environment. Director of Data and Analytics at The Citation Group London, England, United Kingdom 500+ connections. Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 135Page, L., Brin, S., Motwani, R., Winograd, T.: The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web. ... Collective Intelligence, 19–23 (2005) Part II Advanced Models and Practices Chapter 6 Visualising Computational 5 Trust-Based ... The National . Une Sélection de 2 citations et proverbes sur le thème Intelligence collective. It is the first Java-based book to emphasize the underlying algorithms and technical implementation of vital data gathering and mining techniques like analyzing trends, discovering relationships, and making predictions. Advanced Search Include Citations Tables: Designing Emergent Behaviors: From Local Interactions to Collective Intelligence. [12] was further found in groups of MBA students working together over the course of a semester,[79] in online gaming groups[63] as well as in groups from different cultures[80] and groups in different contexts in terms of short-term versus long-term groups. [133] Collective intelligence as represented by Web 2.0 has less user engagement than collaborative intelligence. Essentially, we try to get the average value of the estimates provided by the members in the crowd. Social sensitivity, or the ability to empathize with and appreciate another’s viewpoint, is the only predictor that reached statistical significance. The business literature offers insights into the importance of soft skills and diversity in team effectiveness. 's results, neither team cohesion nor motivation or satisfaction is correlated with c. However, they claim that three factors were found as significant correlates: the variance in the number of speaking turns, group members' average social sensitivity and the proportion of females. The Millennium Project, Washington, DC 2008, lecture series in Adelaide on 'Collective Intelligence about Collective Intelligence and. [122] Critics point out that often bad ideas, misunderstandings, and misconceptions are widely held, and that structuring of the decision process must favor experts who are presumably less prone to random or misinformed voting in a given context. Millonas, M M. 1992. A further application of collective intelligence is found in the "Community Engineering for Innovations". Tasks vary from being highly independent simple tasks that require very little coordination to complex interdependent tasks that are built by many individuals and require a lot of coordination. Several real-world examples are provided throughout the paper to illustrate emerging trends toward both types of intelligence; and their applications to solve public problems or make policy decision differently. With co-operation scientists can use information from different fields and use it effectively instead of gathering all the information just by reading by themselves. Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 232Ils ont créé des composantes majeures de nouveaux atouts pour l'intelligence collective et l'assistance aux métiers. Inspirons-nous de cette citation : De nos jours, le savoir médical – qui sous-entend l'aptitude à poser des diagnostics ... abstractNote = {A model of the collective behavior of a large number of locally acting organisms is proposed. Collective Intelligence in Action is a hands-on guidebook for implementing collective intelligence concepts using Java. About the beginning of life, bacteria in the gut and collective intelligence in bees. L, Lessig,(2006)Code Version 2.0 (2nd ed.). [78], A collective intelligence factor c in the sense of Woolley et al. Want to tap the power behind search rankings, product recommendations, social bookmarking, and online matchmaking? Fama cites research conducted by Michael Jensen[121] in which 89 out of 115 selected funds underperformed relative to the index during the period from 1955 to 1964. A keyword search was performed on the Web of Knowledge and selected papers were reviewed in order to reveal themes relevant to collective intelligence. With the help of collective intelligence applications such as online crowdsourcing, people across the globe are collaborating in developing solutions to climate change. Based on this background, the aim of this paper is to discover the emergence mechanism and influence factors of CI in knowledge communities using the method of quantitative and qualitative analysis. The results hold regardless of group size. In these situations, the teams' ability of local adaptive knowledge integration can help organizations cope with increasing challenges of . Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 250Many of these quantities, like the number of citations or the h-index, are heavily subject to preferential attachment, meaning that the majority of the scientific community achieves low scores in these metrics, with a selected few ... Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 158Innovation is often seen as a generative process from collective intelligence, but how does innovation emerges from the blending of accumulated knowledge, and from which path an innovation mostly inherit? A citation network can be seen ... We argue this creates an opportunity for significant advancement in decision-making research and practice. Comment impliquer et fidéliser ses équipes? Licklider, demanded more accessibility and utility. Because of the possibilities of technology global co-operation is nowadays much easier and productive than before. [38], Top-down processes cover group interaction, such as structures, processes, and norms. 's two initial studies, groups worked together on different tasks from the McGrath Task Circumplex,[77] a well-established taxonomy of group tasks. [72], The value of parallel collective intelligence was demonstrated in medical applications by researchers at Stanford University School of Medicine and Unanimous AI in a set of published studies wherein groups of human doctors were connected by real-time swarming algorithms and tasked with diagnosing chest x-rays for the presence of pneumonia. Teams, as collectives of individuals, sharing a purpose and goals, and bringing different competences and experiences to the process of working together, will play an increasingly critical role as specialization increases in organizations. Surowiecki, J., 2007 'The Wisdom of crowds. On the other hand, empowered with the enormous amount of data and information, artificial intelligence (AI) has been universally applied and pervasive AI is believed to be an integral part of the future cellular networks (e.g., beyond 5G, B5G). [12][38][44][64][78], In 2001, Tadeusz (Tad) Szuba from the AGH University in Poland proposed a formal model for the phenomenon of collective intelligence. The directive instructed the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) to produce a . According to Eric S. Raymond (1998) and JC Herz (2005), open source intelligence will eventually generate superior outcomes to knowledge generated by proprietary software developed within corporations (Flew 2008). Chaque intelligence individuelle nait de la coopération collective de milliards de neurone, chaque intelligence collective nait de la coopération de nombreux individus. In the end the overall costs from coordination might overwhelm other costs. [27][28] This was related to single-agent work on "reward shaping"[29] and has been taken forward by numerous researchers in [173][self-published source?] The authors conclude that scores on the RME must be related to a broader set of abilities of social reasoning than only drawing inferences from other people's eye expressions. [152][153] When connected to UNU, groups of distributed users collectively answer questions and make predictions in real-time. [124][125] An example of such application is Google's Project Aristotle in 2012, where the effect of collective intelligence on team makeup was examined in hundreds of the company's R&D teams. News from the life sciencesHow does human life begin, which processes influence the human gut microbiome, and what do researchers know about the Cambridge Core - Cognition - The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. Jan Marco Leimeister, Michael Huber, Ulrich Bretschneider, Helmut Krcmar (2009): Leveraging Crowdsourcing: Activation-Supporting Components for IT-Based Ideas Competition. In their view, the Internet enables collective intelligence at the widest, planetary scale, thus facilitating the emergence of a global brain. Service Business 4.2 (2010): 89–103. The aim was to provide a way to diagnose, and improve, the collective intelligence of a city, business, NGO or parliament. In 1912 Émile Durkheim identified society as the sole source of human logical thought. MIT Press, Nov 13, 2015 - Business & Economics - 232 pages. Situational awareness (SA) was defined as perception of environmental elements within the situation, comprehension, and projection of future status. This way of sharing is gradually evolving and influencing the mindset of the current and future generations. George Pór defined the collective intelligence phenomenon as "the capacity of human communities to evolve towards higher order complexity and harmony, through such innovation mechanisms as differentiation and integration, competition and collaboration. The study randomly assigned 699 individuals to a total of 192 groups, and asked them to perform a variety of different tasks. [5] The concept is used in sociology, business, computer science and mass communications: it also appears in science fiction. [146], Research performed by Tapscott and Williams has provided a few examples of the benefits of collective intelligence to business:[42], Cultural theorist and online community developer, John Banks considered the contribution of online fan communities in the creation of the Trainz product. [37], The term group intelligence is sometimes used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Collective intelligence (CI) is shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration, collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears in consensus decision making. New York: Basic Books. [45], It is theorized that the collective intelligence factor c is an emergent property resulting from bottom-up as well as top-down processes. [178] Whether these can be said to be collective intelligence systems is an open question. © The President and Fellows of Harvard College, Woolley, Anita Williams, et al. This entry about Collective Intelligence has been published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (CC BY 3.0) licence, which permits unrestricted use and reproduction, provided the author or authors of the Collective Intelligence entry and the Encyclopedia of Law are in each case credited as the source of the Collective . CI, in turn, is most strongly predicted by group collaboration . We find strong support for a general factor of CI using meta-analytic methods in a dataset comprising 22 studies, including 5,279 individuals in 1,356 groups. Jenkins argues that this new participatory culture arises at the intersection of three broad new media trends. (2005). Découvrez un dicton, une parole, un bon mot, un proverbe, une citation ou phrase collective issus de livres, discours ou entretiens. Collective intelligence has drawn many scientists' attention in many centuries. What is distinctive about the study of . It may involve consensus, social capital and formalisms such as voting systems, social media and other means of quantifying mass activity. Co-operation helps to solve most important and most interesting multi-science problems. Groups where a few people dominated the conversation had less collective intelligence than groups in which many members took turns talking. [32], David Skrbina[33] cites the concept of a 'group mind' as being derived from Plato's concept of panpsychism (that mind or consciousness is omnipresent and exists in all matter). [37] Their approach is rooted in scientific community metaphor. The model is intended to be realistic, but turns out to fit naturally into the category of connectionist models, Like all connectionist models . Its main predictors are social sensitivity, the distribution of conversational turn-taking, and the proportion of female group members. The password is written in the profiles and the accounts named "Shared Galaxy" are open to be used by anyone. [39] Maximizing collective intelligence relies on the ability of an organization to accept and develop "The Golden Suggestion", which is any potentially useful input from any member. Sharpe Inc., Pages: 197–224, Kittur, A., Lee, B. and Kraut, R. E. (2009) '. The collective intelligence score then is used to predict how this same group will perform on any other similar task in the future. [140], In social bookmarking (also called collaborative tagging),[141] users assign tags to resources shared with other users, which gives rise to a type of information organisation that emerges from this crowdsourcing process. [129] The driving force of this Internet-based collective intelligence is the digitization of information and communication. Noteworthy is also that the involved researchers among the confirming findings widely overlap with each other and with the authors participating in the original first study around Anita Woolley. Downloadable! It is argued that the obstacles created by individual cognitive limits and the difficulty of coordination can be overcome by using a collective mental map (CMM). Consequently, benefiting . The online collaborating participants, however, did neither know nor see each other at all. [116][full citation needed], Because of the Internet's ability to rapidly convey large amounts of information throughout the world, the use of collective intelligence to predict stock prices and stock price direction has become increasingly viable. [111], In this model, beings and information are modeled as abstract information molecules carrying expressions of mathematical logic. [141], Recent research using data from the social bookmarking website Delicious, has shown that collaborative tagging systems exhibit a form of complex systems (or self-organizing) dynamics. How well an individual performs certain cognitive tasks can generally predict how well they will do with other tasks, and this correlation has repeatedly proven to be present in studies of intelligence. Collective Intelligence and Virtual Teams Despite the empirical evidence and utility of collective intelligence as an index of group-level competence, collective intelligence is a fairly new concept, and has only been explored in a limited range of settings. The former is the sum total of information held individually by members of a community while the latter is information that is believed to be true and known by all members of the community. Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 91Faire émerger une certaine intelligence collective (esprit de groupe). ... (Papert, 1999b) Si cette citation permet de mettre en valeur le rôle que doit jouer l'enseignant en tant qu'acteur pédagogique clé, les questions sur lesquelles ... ", "A Review of the Influence of Group Goals on Group Performance", "About Collective IQ - Doug Engelbart Institute", "Centre for Collective Intelligence Design", "What Google Learned From Its Quest to Build the Perfect Team", "Interactive audiences? appears in Wikipedia: "Collective intelligence is a shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration and competition of many . Give access. He asked panelist Thomas Malone to provide a definition and . This is true especially in experimental research where highly advanced equipment requires special skills. Collective intelligence appears to be only moderately correlated with individual group members’ intelligence. [118][119], Collective intelligence underpins the efficient-market hypothesis of Eugene Fama[120] – although the term collective intelligence is not used explicitly in his paper. Rosenberg, L.B., "Human swarming, a real-time method for parallel distributed intelligence," in Swarm/Human Blended Intelligence Workshop (SHBI), 2015, vol., no., pp.1–7, 28–29 Sept. 2015 doi: Luckin, R., du Boulay, B., Smith, H., Underwood, J., Fitzpatrick, G., Holmberg, J., Kerawalla, L., Tunley, H., Brewster, D. and Pearce, D. 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With the development of the Internet and its widespread use, the opportunity to contribute to knowledge-building communities, such as Wikipedia, is greater than ever before. » (Aimé Jacquet). [132], In this context collective intelligence is often confused with shared knowledge. The prospect of Collective Intelligence (CI) is promising. Collective intelligence is defined as the ability of a group to solve more problems than its individual members. Michel Sarrat, nommé DG de GT Location en 1986 et considéré à l'époque comme un patron traditionnel, nous raconte dans ce livre comment il a réinventé l'entreprise de son grand-père. Stud. Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 11et développement d'une posture de recherche dans les métiers de l'humain et en intelligence collective Muriel Frisch. CITATION. DE. SØREN. KIERKEGAARD. « Les moyens de communication se perfectionnent sans cesse ; l'on arrive à imprimer ... While average (r=0.15, P=0.04) and maximum intelligence (r=0.19, P=0.008) of individual group members were moderately correlated with c, c was still a much better predictor of the criterion tasks. Progress on artificial intelligence (AI) requires collective action: the actions of two or more individuals or agents that in some way combine to achieve a result. In this way many take part in being one. Collective intelligence (CI) is critical to solving many scientific, business, and other problems. Learn the Rules for Collective Nouns. Trouvé à l'intérieur – Page 74Je vais terminer cette intervention par une citation : «Le devoir du présent, c'est d'être le bienfaiteur de l'avenir». ... Il faudrait que les politiciens et les technocrates de Bruxelles fassent confiance en l'intelligence collective ... Like individual general intelligence, group collective intelligence is important for predicting the group's future performance.
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